The purpose of this article is to identify for IIoT stakeholders some of the vulnerabilities and threats associated with various layers and functions of an IIoT architecture and illuminate the need for a comprehensive, systematic, and layer-appropriate approach to IIoT security. The user account named root is a superuser with read and write privileges to more areas of the system, including files in other macOS user accounts. To learn about sudo, open the Terminal app and enter man sudo. Regardless of one's technical knowledge, recognition of the potentially-catastrophic consequences of successful exploitation of those vulnerabilities necessitate at least some familiarity with security vulnerabilities and threats associated with the various IIoT layers and subsystems. Its safer to use the sudo command in Terminal instead of enabling the root user. The security vulnerability, identified last week as 'CVE-2021-3156' by the Qualys. Many internal stakeholders are involved in the conceptualization, planning and implementation of an organization's adoption of IIoT while some may be experienced and knowledgeable technologists, others are not. A sudo bug that can grant an attacker root access has been discovered to affect macOS Big Sur (via ZDNet ). Pandemic or not, businesses, schools, and other organizations have moved online and, consequently, many IT departments have had to deal with a move to the cloud. Because of the unique characteristics of these various layers and functions, the vulnerabilities and threats associated with them also differ. Now, more than ever, the cloud is a relevant topic. IIoT is a system of systems the architecture of a single IIoT system consists of different layers, with each layer performing a distinct function, having unique operational characteristics, and relying upon different devices and communication protocols than other layers of the system. While the introduction of these Internet-enabled devices creates new efficiencies, improves performance, increases productivity, and increases profitability, it also introduces new security challenges and risks. The Industrial Internet of Things, or IIoT, introduces Internet-enabled devices into industrial process systems operating in the energy, transportation, healthcare, utilities, cities, agriculture, and other critical infrastructure sectors, establishing linkages between previously-air gapped information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) networks.
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